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An antenna is a metallic structure that captures and/or transmits radio electromagnetic waves. Antennas come in all shapes and sizes from little ones that can be found on your roof to watch TV to really big ones that capture signals from satellites millions of miles away.
ANTENNA TYPES
1. Omni directional antenna
These antennas are mostly used in rural areas. In all horizontal direction these antennas radiate with equal power. In the vertical plane these antennas radiate uniformly across all azimuth angles and have a main beam with upper and lower side lobes.
2. Directional antenna
These antennas are mostly used in mobile cellular systems to get higher gain compared to Omni directional antenna and to minimize interference effects in the network. In the vertical plane these antennas radiate uniformly across all azimuth angles and have a main beam with upper and lower side lobes. In these types of antennas, the radiation is directed at a specific angle instead of uniformly across all azimuth angles in case of Omni antennas.
ANTENNA CHARACTERISTICS
Radiation Pattern
The main characteristics of antenna are the radiation pattern. The antenna pattern is a graphical representation in three dimensions of the radiation of the antenna as a function of angular direction. The pattern of most base station antennas contains a main lobe and several minor lobes, termed side lobes. A side lobe occurring in space in the direction opposite to the main lobe is called back lobe.
Antenna Gain
Antenna gain is a measure for antennas efficiency. Gain is the ratio of the maximum radiation in a given direction to that of a reference antenna for equal input power. Antenna gain depends on the mechanical size, the effective aperture area, the frequency band and the antenna configuration.
Front-to-back ratio
It is the ratio of the maximum directivity of an antenna to its directivity in a specified rearward direction.
Antenna Lobes
Main lobe is the radiation lobe containing the direction of maximum radiation.
Polarization
Polarization is the propagation of the electric field vector. Antennas used in cellular communications are usually vertically polarized or cross polarized.
Frequency bandwidth
It is the range of frequencies within which the performance of the antenna, with respect to some characteristics, conforms to a specified standard.
Antenna impedance
Maximum power coupling into the antennas can be achieved when the antenna impedance matches the cables impedance.
Mechanical size
Mechanical size is related to achievable antenna gain. Large antennas provide higher gains but also need care in deployment and apply high torque to the antenna mast.
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