LAPTOP
A laptop or a notebook is a portable personal computer with a clamshell form factor, suitable for mobile use. Although there used to be a distinction between laptops and notebooks (the former were bigger and heavier than the latter), there is often no longer any difference in practice. Laptops are commonly used in a variety of settings, including at work, in education, and for personal multimedia.

A laptop combines the components and inputs of a desktop computer, including display, speakers, keyboard and pointing device (such as a touchpad or a trackpad) into a single device. Most modern-day laptops also have an integrated webcam and a microphone. A laptop can be powered either from a rechargeable battery, or by mains electricity via an AC adapter. Laptop is a diverse category of devices and other more specific terms, such as rugged notebook or convertible, refer to specialist types of laptops, which have been optimized for specific uses. Hardware specifications change significantly between different types, makes and models of laptops.

History
The first widely available portable computer was on the market in 1981. Larger and heavier than today's streamlined designs, it nevertheless had a great impact on the manufacture of personal computers. Laptop technology improved throughout the 1990s and resulted in a steady increase in the popularity of laptop computers for both professional and personal use.

Components
Laptop computers typically have a display, touchpad, keyboard and internal hardware combined into one machine. They contain the same internal hardware components of their larger desktop counterparts but are built on a smaller scale to require less power and conform with portability needs. Smaller laptops offer removable CD and DVD drives that can be connected only when necessary. While laptops have a built-in keyboard and touchpad that acts as the device to control the pointer on the display, some people choose to purchase and use a regular external wireless USB keyboard and mouse. A docking station is a large piece of equipment that expands the ports available and allows connecting multiple input and output devices, expansion slots and external drives.

Laptops usually come with displays that use thin-screen technology. The thin film transistor or active matrix screen is brighter and views better at different angles than the STN or dual-scan screen. Laptops use several different approaches for integrating a mouse into the keyboard, including the touch pad, the trackball, and the pointing stick. A serial port also allows a regular mouse to be attached. The PC Card is insertable hardware for adding a modem or network interface card to a laptop. CD-ROM and digital versatile disc drives may be built-in or attachable.

How is a laptop different from a desktop?

Because laptops are designed for portability, there are some important differences between them and desktop computers. A laptop has an all-in-one design, with a built-in monitor, keyboard, touchpad (which replaces the mouse), and speakers. This means it is fully functional, even when there are no peripherals attached to it. A laptop is quicker to set up, and there are fewer cables to get in the way. Some newer laptops even have touchscreens, so you may not even need to use a keyboard or mouse.

There also is the option of connecting a regular mouse, larger monitor, and other peripherals. This basically turns your laptop into a desktop computer, with one main difference: You can easily disconnect the peripherals and take the laptop with you wherever you go.

Here are the main differences you can expect with a laptop.
Touchpad: A touchpad—also called a trackpad—is a touch-sensitive pad that lets you control the pointer by making a drawing motion with your finger. Many touchpads now include multi-touch gestures, which allow you to perform specific tasks by making gestures with more than one finger. For example, a pinch gesture is often used to zoom in or out.

Battery: Every laptop has a battery, which allows you to use the laptop when it's not plugged in. Whenever you plug in the laptop, the battery recharges. Another benefit of having a battery is that it can provide backup power to the laptop if the power goes out.

AC adapter: A laptop usually has a specialized power cable called an AC adapter, which is designed to be used with that specific type of laptop. Some of these cables use magnetic MagSafe connectors that will safely pull out if someone trips over the power cable. This helps to prevent damage to the cable and the laptop.

Ports: Most laptops have the same types of ports desktop computers have (such as USB), although they usually have fewer ports to save space. However, some ports may be different, and you may need an adapter in order to use them. For example, the monitor port is often a Mini Display Port, which is a smaller version of the normal Display Port.

Advantages
Owning a laptop provides the benefits of portability, low power consumption and size. Many people with limited home or office space purchase laptops because they are much smaller than desktop computers. Battery-charged laptops can run on battery power alone, which offers great flexibility and allows their use on airplanes, in business meetings or in the classroom.

Disadvantages
Because laptop manufacturers must fit the same components into a much smaller space, laptops are more expensive than equivalent desktop computers. Laptops are also much more difficult to upgrade than desktop PCs and, because of their portability, are more likely to be stolen. Owners also run the risk of accidentally dropping their laptop and damaging its internal or external components. The name "laptop" is also sort of a misnomer; typical laptops get too hot to put on your lap and can even cause sterility in males.

While laptops can be powerful and convenient, the convenience often comes at a price. Most laptops cost more than a similarly equipped desktop model with a monitor, keyboard, and mouse.

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